Abstract
The present research explores the political content of TV talk shows under the theoretical frameworks of framing and cultivation analysis. The content analysis of systematically selected 100 programs of five top rated serious and five comedy talk shows broadcast on Pakistani TV Channels during October-December 2019 were analyzed to detect the tropes of political engagement and political skepticism. The research established that days of the week, duration of the program, and the program's genre influenced the tropes of programs. The research concludes that serious talk shows contributed to political engagement, whereas comedy talk shows created more politically skeptical tropes.
Key Words
TV Talk Shows, Political Engagement, Political Skepticism, Content Analysis
Introduction
The literature investigates the conflicting findings of previous studies on TV talk shows. According to the researchers, these talk shows increase both political engagement (Jones, 2005; McClintock, 2004; Paletz, 2002; Van Zoonen, 2005) and political skepticism (Bennet, 2003; Hart, 2000). So far, no study in media research has investigated the tropes of political engagement and political skepticism by analyzing or reconnoitering serious as well as comedy TV talk shows over a single time span. The current study is aimed at the locus described above and attempts to fill a gap in research on TV talk shows in this area.
In recent times, the popularity of TV talk shows has become well-established in Pakistan. People watch these programs to be informed by current happenings in Pakistan as well as around the globe. These programs discuss political, social, and religious issues on national and international scales, and they provide food for thought to their audiences. Tariq (2005), in his research has mentioned that the "creation and dissemination" of political news [talk] has always been the key element of Pakistani mass media, and as the result, it takes almost a lion's share of Pakistani media contents, leaving people been addicted to it. The mass media presents different stories, talk shows, and news regarding the political system and changes the views and perception of the public through its content. People are largely affected by the news and political talk shows. As Bilal et al. (2012) has pointed out that these shows helped in promoting participatory politics, revamp trust and hope in politics, and developing the democratic process. Therefore, the present research encompasses the TV talk shows to present the relationship between talk shows and political engagement and furthermore presents the relationship between these talk shows and political skepticism.
The appearance of TV talk shows in Pakistan materialized in the late 1960s when talk shows were started in 1969 on Pakistan Television (PTV) from Islamabad, capital of Pakistan. Historically, the genre of these talk shows was serious and satirical in its gist. Later, serious talk shows on PTV exchanged by comedy talk shows like Show Time, Studio Dhai, Studio Poney Teen, Yes Sir No Sir, Loose Talk, Moin Akhtar Show, etc. Besides, the format of these programs was also changed, the essential elements of the audience was excluded in these talks shows, but they also got popularity in their times.
After the emergence of Private TV Channels in Pakistan in the 2000s, viewers were introduced to some talk shows like 50 minutes by Abdul Rauf on Geo News, a Private TV channel. The element of the audience was again included. That program also got high viewership. Other private and public channels started different talk shows with the same format, but the element of the audience is extricated from these talk shows to some extent now. Even then, these shows have been successful in maintaining their popularity. In these talk shows, whether serious or comedy, viewers find the content quite thoughtful. From providing the analysis or entertainment to their viewers, they also provide the words for discussion to their viewers in their daily lives. On the level of format, these shows can be categorized as discussion shows or current affairs programs because the essential item, i.e., 'audience', are excluded from these shows.
On the other side, comedy talk shows started on private TV channels like "Hasb-e-Haal" on Dunya News TV Channel in January 2009. It is followed by "Khabarnak" on Geo News in 2010, Khabardar on Express News in 2015, and Khabarzar on Aap News in 2018, in all these programs, we can observe the segment of the audience. Although the audience is shown, their participation in the program is minimal or sometimes on ‘zero level’. Therefore, the researcher intends to focus only on the content of these programs.
Political Engagement Versus Political Skepticism
Political engagement is the opposite of political skepticism. Political skepticism is also relevant for an improved understanding of political engagement. Therefore, the present research explores the tropes of political engagement as well as political skepticism in the TV Talk shows broadcast on Pakistani TV channels. Critical comment has long suggested that the media contributes negatively to the political debate and cause, resulting in a cynical audience. Some even have said, "Television gives us a feeling of political ill" (Hart, 1999; Postman, 1985; Putnam, 1995). Early tests showed that consumption of the television news led to suspicion, inefficiency, and skepticism (Robinson,1976), but Miller and Reese (1982) found that media dependency helped to build a sense of effectiveness and politics. It is understandable that this contradiction persists in the assessment of media content.
The negative political humor in comedy shows can contribute to skepticism, and political skepticism may also be the result of the program's structural limitations. Scholars remember that hosts generally have minimal knowledge about public relations, candidates' softball concerns, and programs make appeals to reach a wider audience (Depke, 1992; Hollander, 1996). Though comedy talks show mainly aim at highlighting those in the entertainment industry, they also point humorous criticism on politicians, political campaigns, and jokes monologue proposals. Public satire shows often deliver policy and political critiques, and hosts are often engaged in satirical political commentary with actors, authors, and musicians as allies. It is of interest that political knowledge can be gained by looking at these modern media content or shows.
The tendency of inconsistency is also observed in the findings of past studies of TV Talk shows. Khan (2013) conducted research on "Talk shows" and concluded that talk shows inject harmful ideas into people's lives. "The level of interests in television channels and their impact on the personal aspirations of young people" have been carried out by Aleena (2006). The research concluded that the higher the level of interest in TV shows, the greater the effect on viewer's personal expectations. The role of talk shows in raising consciousness, and political norms is addressed by Naz et al, (2014). The study shows that talk shows, in particular, not only increase political consciousness but also confusion. In his article, Ahmad (2016) noted that political talk shows have a strong impact on youth in terms of political performance.
A lot of work has been done into the democratic impact of political comedy programs (Baumgartner & Morris, 2006; 2008; Xenos & Becker, 2009; LaMarre, Landreville, & Spotlight, 2008). Moy et al. (2005) found that a nominee can be judged in the mind of a person when that nominee is present in a comedy show. Becker (2012) found, after exposure to satirical jokes the audiences develop negative feelings towards satirized politicians. The economy, politics, and popular perception of comedy are said to be influenced. Nadeem et al. (2012) argued that numerous television talk shows impact a huge community with fun and light parodies. Zooren et al. (2009) talk about comedy talk shows and political types of performers. The researchers concluded that comedy TV talk shows not only provide entertainment but also provide receptive voters to their representatives and the political system.
Political Information and Democratic Processes
Political engagement of citizens in a political system strengthens the democratic process. Weakened political engagement leads to political skepticism and gripes democracy in any society. Political information from media to citizens enhances democratic norms and values. Scholars have recommended that getting political information from television instills citizens to participate actively and competently for better functioning of democracy (Hart, 1999; Postman, 1985; Putman, 2000; Schudson, 1997). Apropos, to sustain a healthy and flourishing democracy, citizens must know about political happenings and actively create, communicate and participate in a political community. Otherwise, there will be the risk of low voter turn-out (Casper & Bass, 1998; Waldman, 2001), and citizen who vote will be mostly uninformed when they approach polls (Converse, 1974; Delli Carpini & Keeter, 1991), resulting in the wrong selection of candidates in elections. Therefore, it is pertinent to come to the true significance of TV talk shows and their impact on the citizens to predict the prospect of democracy in Pakistan.
The following hypothesis is also going to be tested to infer the empirical evidence to predict the engrossment of Talk Shows in the democratic process of Pakistan.
H1: Comedy Talk Shows have many tropes of political Skepticism as compared to Political Engagement on Pakistani TV Channels
Political Nature of TV Talk Shows
The political nature of television talk shows is more likely to impact some viewers than others (Baum, 2002a; Cooper & Bates, 2003; Young, 2003). Viewers with lesser interest and understanding would be more influenced by political satire as they are amused by the content of comedy. Viewers with less experience in politics are less likely to vote against messages incompatible with their perceptions or best interests (Baum, 2002b).
The critical problem for Gerbner was that TV succeeded so well in shaping the social reality that popular opinion grew to "uniform stereotypes, exploitable fears and resistance to substantive change" (1969, p.178). There has also been criticism of the ideas of uniform messages and non-selective viewing. As originally stated, the theory of culture suggested that, based on the narrative constructs of broadcasting, the world on TV was identical across the programs, uniting a cultured TV reality (Gerbner, 1969; Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, & Signorielli, 1994).
Many studies of cultivation (Morgan & Shanahan, 1997) have provided evidence of a small but persistent relationship between television viewing and beliefs about the social world that is similar to or plausibly implied by the images shown in television programs. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how this process occurs. Shrurn and O'Guinn offer one possibility based on the 'bin model' of memory (Wyer & Srull, 1989). This model suggests that the human memory resembles a file cabinet. When new information about a topic is acquired, a copy of that information is placed at the front of the file. If asked to make a judgment about a particular topic, a person will use the information which is most accessible. Two factors, among others, contribute to the greater accessibility of information: frequent and recent. When a person retrieves information about the topic, the contents of the file are searched from the front to the back. Thus, information that has frequently been repeated and recently acquired has the best chance of being remembered. A person who regularly watches a large amount of television programming that presents a consistent view of a topic might group many television images at the beginning of the file. When asked to make a judgment about social reality, these images may be the most accessible. Consequently, the person might base his or her judgment of social reality on them. Therefore, the present study will be based on the bin model of memory presented by Wyer and Srull (1989). The present study assists the media industry in designing and producing better programs to support the democratic system, political processes and to attract more young audiences.
Methods
The present research applied content analysis to analyze the content of TV talk shows of Pakistani channels. According to Weber (1990), content analysis is a “research method that uses a set of procedures to make valid inferences from text” (p.9). This concise definition captures the essence of content analysis very well, although it may be worth adding that text is not the only content that might be ‘subjected to analysis’. (Transcripts of) oral communications, as well as visual communications, could also be subjected to this type of analysis. This study, however, limits its scope to the content analysis of verbal communication of the host and the guests in TV talk shows.
Holsti (1969) defines content analysis as beyond making valid inferences from text, most content analysis “seeks to quantify content in terms of predetermined categories and in a systematic and replicable manner” (p.14.). In other words, content analysis endeavors to analyze text in a systematic, empirical manner that is made sufficiently explicit to permit replication. Generally, this means that content analysis proceeds based on instructions that enumerate explicit categories. Consequently, Babbie (2004) has described content analysis as “essentially a coding operation” (p. 318).
Therefore, in the present research, content analysis technique was used to detect the tropes of political engagement and political skepticism in five top rated serious as well as five comedy TV talk shows in Pakistan. The top-rated five serious talk shows based on viewership rated by Media Logic Pakistan (2018): (1-Program: Capital Talk,Host: Hamid Mir, TV: Channel: Geo News), (2-Program: Off the Record, Host: Kashif Abbassi, TV: Channel: ARY News), (3-Program: The Reporters, Host: Ehtisham Ameer, TV: Channel: ARY News), (4-Program: On the front with Kamran Shahid, Host: Kamran Shahid, TV: Channel: Dunya News) and (5-Program: Nadeem Malik Live, Host: Nadeem Malik, TV: Channel: SAAMA News). The top-rated five comedy talk shows based on viewership rated by Media Logic Pakistan (2018): (1-Program: Hasb e Haal, Host: Junaid Saleem, Sohail Ahmed, TV: Channel: Dunya News), (2-Program: Mazaaq Raat, Host: Vasay Chaudhry, TV: Channel: Dunya News), (3-Program: Khabadar Naqalo say hoshiaayar, Host: Aftab Iqbal, TV: Channel: Express-News), (4-Program: Khabar Naak, Host: Ayesha Jahanzeib, TV: Channel: Geo News) and (5-Program: Siasi Theatre, Host: Syed Wasi Shah, TV: Channel: Express-News).
In the study of Abelman (1994), the episode is the sampling unit, Abelman randomly selected 30 episodes between February and April 1992. Douglas and Olson (1995) used content analysis in their experimental study, in their study 308, students saw episodes from 13 television comedies and filled up the questionnaire. Harmon (1989), and Carrol (1989) used purposive sampling technique to analyze the content of the program. Greenberg et al. (1997) took 10 episodes of each program in their study. Therefore, in the present study, every episode of the program was the sampling unit, and 10 episodes of each program were randomly selected from October 2019 to December 2019. The sample size for content analysis was 100 TV talk shows for the present study. The days of week, program, genre and duration of program were taken as independent variables for the present study
For coding the data, according to coding protocol, five students having their M. Phil degrees in the discipline of Mass Communication were hired. There were three sessions for training the coders. After three sessions, a chunk of two programs (one serious and one comedy) was given to each coder to fill the coding sheet (see Appendix A). The inter-coder reliability was 95% in the present research. For inter-coder reliability, the modified version of Holsti's Scot's pi as applied by Shrikhande (2003) in her study was adopted in present research;
The coefficient is calculated as:
Percent of agreement = Total correct – Total incorrect/ Total number measured = 877-23/900=.95. The inter-coder reliability is 95% in the present research. After getting the inter-coder reliability, each student coded the 20 episodes (10 serious talk shows and ten comedy talk shows).
A seven-point 11-item semantic scale was constructed to measure the program's tropes (Political Engagement and Political Skepticism). Then scores of items from point 1 to point three merged into a single category, so in the case of point 5 to point seven merged into the category of 3. Whereas, neutral score on point 4 is taken as neutral category 2. Therefore, every program that got 22 score on semantic scale was considered a neutral program. Every program having less than 22 scores was considered politically engaging, and every program having more than 22 scores on semantic score was considered politically skeptical.
Findings and Discussion
Table 1. Impact of Days of Week on the Stance of Talks Shows on Pakistani TV Channels border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
width="6%" rowspan="2">
N
width="11%" rowspan="2">M
width="11%" rowspan="2">SD
width="10%" rowspan="2">SE
width="22%" colspan="2">95% CIM
width="12%" rowspan="2">Minimum
width="14%" rowspan="2">Maximum
LB
width="11%">UB
Sunday
width="6%">5
width="11%">21.4000
width="11%">8.61974
width="10%">3.85487
width="11%">10.6972
width="11%">32.1028
width="12%">11.00
width="14%">28.00
Monday
width="6%">36
width="11%">19.2222
width="11%">7.29035
width="10%">1.21506
width="11%">16.7555
width="11%">21.6889
width="12%">11.00
width="14%">33.00
Tuesday
width="6%">28
width="11%">21.8214
width="11%">7.09749
width="10%">1.34130
width="11%">19.0693
width="11%">24.5735
width="12%">11.00
width="14%">33.00
Wednesday
width="6%">3
width="11%">33.0000
width="11%">.00000
width="10%">.00000
width="11%">33.0000
width="11%">33.0000
width="12%">33.00
width="14%">33.00
Thursday
width="6%">19
width="11%">24.5263
width="11%">6.65306
width="10%">1.52632
width="11%">21.3196
width="11%">27.7330
width="12%">11.00
width="14%">33.00
Friday
width="6%">9
width="11%">25.3333
width="11%">7.41620
width="10%">2.47207
width="11%">19.6327
width="11%">31.0339
width="12%">15.00
width="14%">33.00
Total
width="6%">100
width="11%">22.0300
width="11%">7.53370
width="10%">.75337
width="11%">20.5352
width="11%">23.5248
width="12%">11.00
width="14%">33.00
| > | Tropes width="18%">SoS width="15%">df width="15%">MS width="15%">F width="15%">Sig. | > Between Groups width="18%">864.644 width="15%">5 width="15%">172.929 width="15%">3.419 width="15%">.007 | > Within Groups width="18%">4754.266 width="15%">94 width="15%">50.577 width="15%">width="15%">
| > Total width="18%">5618.910 width="15%">99 width="15%">width="15%"> width="15%">
| |||||
Tukey HSD
(I) Day of Week
width="15%" rowspan="2">(J) Day of Week
width="18%" rowspan="2">MD (I-J)
width="12%" rowspan="2">Std. Error
width="12%" rowspan="2">Sig.
width="25%" colspan="2">95% CI
LB
width="12%">UB
Sunday
width="15%">Monday
width="18%">2.17778
width="12%">3.39417
width="12%">.987
width="12%">-7.6970
width="12%">12.0526
Tuesday
width="18%">-.42143
width="12%">3.45279
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-10.4668
width="12%">9.6239
Wednesday
width="18%">-11.60000
width="12%">5.19370
width="12%">.233
width="12%">-26.7103
width="12%">3.5103
Thursday
width="18%">-3.12632
width="12%">3.57455
width="12%">.952
width="12%">-13.5259
width="12%">7.2733
Friday
width="18%">-3.93333
width="12%">3.96676
width="12%">.920
width="12%">-15.4740
width="12%">7.6073
Monday
width="15%">Sunday
width="18%">-2.17778
width="12%">3.39417
width="12%">.987
width="12%">-12.0526
width="12%">7.6970
Tuesday
width="18%">-2.59921
width="12%">1.79200
width="12%">.696
width="12%">-7.8127
width="12%">2.6143
Wednesday
width="18%">-13.77778*
width="12%">4.27364
width="12%">.021
width="12%">-26.2113
width="12%">-1.3443
Thursday
width="18%">-5.30409
width="12%">2.01665
width="12%">.100
width="12%">-11.1712
width="12%">.5630
Friday
width="18%">-6.11111
width="12%">2.65040
width="12%">.202
width="12%">-13.8220
width="12%">1.5998
Tuesday
width="15%">Sunday
width="18%">.42143
width="12%">3.45279
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-9.6239
width="12%">10.4668
Monday
width="18%">2.59921
width="12%">1.79200
width="12%">.696
width="12%">-2.6143
width="12%">7.8127
Wednesday
width="18%">-11.17857
width="12%">4.32035
width="12%">.111
width="12%">-23.7480
width="12%">1.3908
Thursday
width="18%">-2.70489
width="12%">2.11383
width="12%">.795
width="12%">-8.8548
width="12%">3.4450
Friday
width="18%">-3.51190
width="12%">2.72507
width="12%">.790
width="12%">-11.4401
width="12%">4.4163
Wednesday
width="15%">Sunday
width="18%">11.60000
width="12%">5.19370
width="12%">.233
width="12%">-3.5103
width="12%">26.7103
Monday
width="18%">13.77778*
width="12%">4.27364
width="12%">.021
width="12%">1.3443
width="12%">26.2113
Tuesday
width="18%">11.17857
width="12%">4.32035
width="12%">.111
width="12%">-1.3908
width="12%">23.7480
Thursday
width="18%">8.47368
width="12%">4.41826
width="12%">.398
width="12%">-4.3806
width="12%">21.3279
Friday
width="18%">7.66667
width="12%">4.74118
width="12%">.589
width="12%">-6.1271
width="12%">21.4604
Thursday
width="15%">Sunday
width="18%">3.12632
width="12%">3.57455
width="12%">.952
width="12%">-7.2733
width="12%">13.5259
Monday
width="18%">5.30409
width="12%">2.01665
width="12%">.100
width="12%">-.5630
width="12%">11.1712
Tuesday
width="18%">2.70489
width="12%">2.11383
width="12%">.795
width="12%">-3.4450
width="12%">8.8548
Wednesday
width="18%">-8.47368
width="12%">4.41826
width="12%">.398
width="12%">-21.3279
width="12%">4.3806
Friday
width="18%">-.80702
width="12%">2.87779
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-9.1795
width="12%">7.5655
Friday
width="15%">Sunday
width="18%">3.93333
width="12%">3.96676
width="12%">.920
width="12%">-7.6073
width="12%">15.4740
Monday
width="18%">6.11111
width="12%">2.65040
width="12%">.202
width="12%">-1.5998
width="12%">13.8220
Tuesday
width="18%">3.51190
width="12%">2.72507
width="12%">.790
width="12%">-4.4163
width="12%">11.4401
Wednesday
width="18%">-7.66667
width="12%">4.74118
width="12%">.589
width="12%">-21.4604
width="12%">6.1271
Thursday
width="18%">.80702
width="12%">2.87779
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-7.5655
width="12%">9.1795
Table 1 reports the findings of ANOVA to examine the effect of day of Talk Show on program’s tropes which were categorized into six groups regarding days (Group 1: Sunday; Group 2: Monday; Group 3: Tuesday; Group 4: Wednesday; Group 5: Thursday; Group 6: Friday). In view of Talk Shows broadcast by TV channels in Pakistan, the statistical variance at p < .05 was observed: F (5,94) = 3.419, p = 007. The significant gap in the mean scores between the groups was strong given their statistical importance. Calculated with eta squared, the impact size was .15. The statistical difference at p < .05 was witnessed in tropes of Talk Shows shown by TV Channels in Pakistan: F (5, 94) = 3.419, p = .007. Despite reaching statistical significance, the actual difference in the mean scores between the groups was high. The effect size, calculated using eta squared, was .15. Post-hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean score for Group 4 (M =33.00, SD = .000) was significantly different from Group 2 (M = 19.22, SD = 7.29). The table explains that days of week in which talk shows shown on TV channels extremely caused effect on Talk Shows’ tropes. Those Talk Shows which were shown on Wednesday had the strongest tendencies of Political Skepticism as compared to talk shows shown on Monday, which had the strongest tendencies of Political Engagement.
>Table 2. Impact of Program on the Stance of Talks Shows on Pakistani TV Channels border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
width="9%" rowspan="2">
N
width="9%" rowspan="2">Mean
width="11%" rowspan="2">Std. Deviation
width="9%" rowspan="2">Std. Error
width="20%" colspan="2">95% CI for Mean
width="11%" rowspan="2">Minimum
width="12%" rowspan="2">Maximum
LB
width="10%">UB
Capital Talk
width="9%">10
width="9%">28.1000
width="11%">2.60128
width="9%">.82260
width="9%">26.2392
width="10%">29.9608
width="11%">25.00
width="12%">33.00
Off the Record
width="9%">10
width="9%">21.5000
width="11%">3.47211
width="9%">1.09798
width="9%">19.0162
width="10%">23.9838
width="11%">16.00
width="12%">28.00
The Reporters
width="9%">10
width="9%">12.0000
width="11%">1.15470
width="9%">.36515
width="9%">11.1740
width="10%">12.8260
width="11%">11.00
width="12%">14.00
On the Front
width="9%">10
width="9%">16.4000
width="11%">6.09554
width="9%">1.92758
width="9%">12.0395
width="10%">20.7605
width="11%">11.00
width="12%">28.00
Nadeem Malik Live
width="9%">10
width="9%">12.1000
width="11%">1.91195
width="9%">.60461
width="9%">10.7323
width="10%">13.4677
width="11%">11.00
width="12%">16.00
Hasb-e-Haal
width="9%">10
width="9%">27.0000
width="11%">4.61880
width="9%">1.46059
width="9%">23.6959
width="10%">30.3041
width="11%">17.00
width="12%">33.00
Mazak Raat
width="9%">10
width="9%">22.2000
width="11%">6.05163
width="9%">1.91369
width="9%">17.8709
width="10%">26.5291
width="11%">15.00
width="12%">33.00
Khabarnaak
width="9%">10
width="9%">24.6000
width="11%">4.24788
width="9%">1.34330
width="9%">21.5613
width="10%">27.6387
width="11%">15.00
width="12%">28.00
Khabardar
width="9%">10
width="9%">25.8000
width="11%">7.03641
width="9%">2.22511
width="9%">20.7665
width="10%">30.8335
width="11%">15.00
width="12%">33.00
Siasi Theatre
width="9%">10
width="9%">30.6000
width="11%">2.79682
width="9%">.88443
width="9%">28.5993
width="10%">32.6007
width="11%">26.00
width="12%">33.00
Total
width="9%">100
width="9%">22.0300
width="11%">7.53370
width="9%">.75337
width="9%">20.5352
width="10%">23.5248
width="11%">11.00
width="12%">33.00
Tropes
width="18%">SoS
width="15%">df
width="15%">MS
width="15%">F
width="15%">Sig.
Between Groups
width="18%">3870.210
width="15%">9
width="15%">430.023
width="15%">22.132
width="15%">.000
Within Groups
width="18%">1748.700
width="15%">90
width="15%">19.430
width="15%">width="15%">
Total
width="18%">5618.910
width="15%">99
width="15%">width="15%">
width="15%">
Tukey HSD
(I) Programs
width="16%" rowspan="2">(J) Programs
width="17%" rowspan="2">MD (I-J)
width="12%" rowspan="2">Std. Error
width="12%" rowspan="2">Sig.
width="24%" colspan="2">95% CI
LB
width="12%">UB
Capital Talk
width="16%">Off the Record
width="17%">6.60000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.037
width="12%">.2043
width="12%">12.9957
The Reporters
width="17%">16.10000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">9.7043
width="12%">22.4957
On the Front
width="17%">11.70000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">5.3043
width="12%">18.0957
Nadeem Malik Live
width="17%">16.00000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">9.6043
width="12%">22.3957
Hasb-e-Haal
width="17%">1.10000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-5.2957
width="12%">7.4957
Mazak Raat
width="17%">5.90000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.096
width="12%">-.4957
width="12%">12.2957
Khabarnaak
width="17%">3.50000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.748
width="12%">-2.8957
width="12%">9.8957
Khabardar
width="17%">2.30000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.976
width="12%">-4.0957
width="12%">8.6957
Siasi Theatre
width="17%">-2.50000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.958
width="12%">-8.8957
width="12%">3.8957
Off the Record
width="16%">Capital Talk
width="17%">-6.60000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.037
width="12%">-12.9957
width="12%">-.2043
The Reporters
width="17%">9.50000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">3.1043
width="12%">15.8957
On the Front
width="17%">5.10000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.239
width="12%">-1.2957
width="12%">11.4957
Nadeem Malik Live
width="17%">9.40000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">3.0043
width="12%">15.7957
Hasb-e-Haal
width="17%">-5.50000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.156
width="12%">-11.8957
width="12%">.8957
Mazak Raat
width="17%">-.70000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-7.0957
width="12%">5.6957
Khabarnaak
width="17%">-3.10000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.858
width="12%">-9.4957
width="12%">3.2957
Khabardar
width="17%">-4.30000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.477
width="12%">-10.6957
width="12%">2.0957
Siasi Theatre
width="17%">-9.10000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.001
width="12%">-15.4957
width="12%">-2.7043
The Reporters
width="16%">Capital Talk
width="17%">-16.10000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-22.4957
width="12%">-9.7043
Off the Record
width="17%">-9.50000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-15.8957
width="12%">-3.1043
On the Front
width="17%">-4.40000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.443
width="12%">-10.7957
width="12%">1.9957
Nadeem Malik Live
width="17%">-.10000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-6.4957
width="12%">6.2957
Hasb-e-Haal
width="17%">-15.00000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-21.3957
width="12%">-8.6043
Mazak Raat
width="17%">-10.20000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-16.5957
width="12%">-3.8043
Khabarnaak
width="17%">-12.60000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-18.9957
width="12%">-6.2043
Khabardar
width="17%">-13.80000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-20.1957
width="12%">-7.4043
Siasi Theatre
width="17%">-18.60000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-24.9957
width="12%">-12.2043
On the Front
width="16%">Capital Talk
width="17%">-11.70000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-18.0957
width="12%">-5.3043
Off the Record
width="17%">-5.10000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.239
width="12%">-11.4957
width="12%">1.2957
The Reporters
width="17%">4.40000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.443
width="12%">-1.9957
width="12%">10.7957
Nadeem Malik Live
width="17%">4.30000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.477
width="12%">-2.0957
width="12%">10.6957
Hasb-e-Haal
width="17%">-10.60000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-16.9957
width="12%">-4.2043
Mazak Raat
width="17%">-5.80000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.109
width="12%">-12.1957
width="12%">.5957
Khabarnaak
width="17%">-8.20000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.003
width="12%">-14.5957
width="12%">-1.8043
Khabardar
width="17%">-9.40000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-15.7957
width="12%">-3.0043
Siasi Theatre
width="17%">-14.20000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-20.5957
width="12%">-7.8043
Nadeem Malik Live
width="16%">Capital Talk
width="17%">-16.00000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-22.3957
width="12%">-9.6043
Off the Record
width="17%">-9.40000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-15.7957
width="12%">-3.0043
The Reporters
width="17%">.10000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-6.2957
width="12%">6.4957
On the Front
width="17%">-4.30000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.477
width="12%">-10.6957
width="12%">2.0957
Hasb-e-Haal
width="17%">-14.90000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-21.2957
width="12%">-8.5043
Mazak Raat
width="17%">-10.10000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-16.4957
width="12%">-3.7043
Khabarnaak
width="17%">-12.50000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-18.8957
width="12%">-6.1043
Khabardar
width="17%">-13.70000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-20.0957
width="12%">-7.3043
Siasi Theatre
width="17%">-18.50000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">-24.8957
width="12%">-12.1043
Hasb-e-Haal
width="16%">Capital Talk
width="17%">-1.10000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-7.4957
width="12%">5.2957
Off the Record
width="17%">5.50000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.156
width="12%">-.8957
width="12%">11.8957
The Reporters
width="17%">15.00000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">8.6043
width="12%">21.3957
On the Front
width="17%">10.60000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">4.2043
width="12%">16.9957
Nadeem Malik Live
width="17%">14.90000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">8.5043
width="12%">21.2957
Mazak Raat
width="17%">4.80000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.318
width="12%">-1.5957
width="12%">11.1957
Khabarnaak
width="17%">2.40000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.968
width="12%">-3.9957
width="12%">8.7957
Khabardar
width="17%">1.20000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-5.1957
width="12%">7.5957
Siasi Theatre
width="17%">-3.60000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.717
width="12%">-9.9957
width="12%">2.7957
Mazzak Raat
width="16%">Capital Talk
width="17%">-5.90000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.096
width="12%">-12.2957
width="12%">.4957
Off the Record
width="17%">.70000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-5.6957
width="12%">7.0957
The Reporters
width="17%">10.20000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">3.8043
width="12%">16.5957
On the Front
width="17%">5.80000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.109
width="12%">-.5957
width="12%">12.1957
Nadeem Malik Live
width="17%">10.10000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">3.7043
width="12%">16.4957
Hasb-e-Haal
width="17%">-4.80000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.318
width="12%">-11.1957
width="12%">1.5957
Khabarnaak
width="17%">-2.40000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.968
width="12%">-8.7957
width="12%">3.9957
Khabardar
width="17%">-3.60000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.717
width="12%">-9.9957
width="12%">2.7957
Siasi Theatre
width="17%">-8.40000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.002
width="12%">-14.7957
width="12%">-2.0043
Khabarnaak
width="16%">Capital Talk
width="17%">-3.50000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.748
width="12%">-9.8957
width="12%">2.8957
Off the Record
width="17%">3.10000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.858
width="12%">-3.2957
width="12%">9.4957
The Reporters
width="17%">12.60000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">6.2043
width="12%">18.9957
On the Front
width="17%">8.20000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.003
width="12%">1.8043
width="12%">14.5957
Nadeem Malik Live
width="17%">12.50000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">6.1043
width="12%">18.8957
Hasb-e-Haal
width="17%">-2.40000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.968
width="12%">-8.7957
width="12%">3.9957
Mazak Raat
width="17%">2.40000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.968
width="12%">-3.9957
width="12%">8.7957
Khabardar
width="17%">-1.20000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-7.5957
width="12%">5.1957
Siasi Theatre
width="17%">-6.00000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.085
width="12%">-12.3957
width="12%">.3957
Khabardar
width="16%">Capital Talk
width="17%">-2.30000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.976
width="12%">-8.6957
width="12%">4.0957
Off the Record
width="17%">4.30000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.477
width="12%">-2.0957
width="12%">10.6957
The Reporters
width="17%">13.80000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">7.4043
width="12%">20.1957
On the Front
width="17%">9.40000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">3.0043
width="12%">15.7957
Nadeem Malik Live
width="17%">13.70000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">7.3043
width="12%">20.0957
Hasb-e-Haal
width="17%">-1.20000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-7.5957
width="12%">5.1957
Mazak Raat
width="17%">3.60000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.717
width="12%">-2.7957
width="12%">9.9957
Khabarnaak
width="17%">1.20000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">1.000
width="12%">-5.1957
width="12%">7.5957
Siasi Theatre
width="17%">-4.80000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.318
width="12%">-11.1957
width="12%">1.5957
Siasi Theatre
width="16%">Capital Talk
width="17%">2.50000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.958
width="12%">-3.8957
width="12%">8.8957
Off the Record
width="17%">9.10000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.001
width="12%">2.7043
width="12%">15.4957
The Reporters
width="17%">18.60000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">12.2043
width="12%">24.9957
On the Front
width="17%">14.20000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">7.8043
width="12%">20.5957
Nadeem Malik Live
width="17%">18.50000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.000
width="12%">12.1043
width="12%">24.8957
Hasb-e-Haal
width="17%">3.60000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.717
width="12%">-2.7957
width="12%">9.9957
Mazak Raat
width="17%">8.40000*
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.002
width="12%">2.0043
width="12%">14.7957
Khabarnaak
width="17%">6.00000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.085
width="12%">-.3957
width="12%">12.3957
Khabardar
width="17%">4.80000
width="12%">1.97129
width="12%">.318
width="12%">-1.5957
width="12%">11.1957
Table 2 reports the findings of ANOVA to examine the effect of Talk Show on program’s tropes which were categorized into ten groups regarding Talk Shows (Group 1: Capital Talk; Group 2: Off the Record; Group 3: The Reporters; Group 4: On the Front; Group 5: Nadeem Malik Live; Group 6: Hasb-e-Haal; Group 7: Mazak Raat; Group 8: Khabarnak; Group 9: Khabardar; Group 10: Siasi Theatre). The statistical difference at p < .05 was witnessed in tropes of Talk Shows shown by TV Channels in Pakistan: F (9, 90) = 22.132, p = .000. Despite reaching statistical significance, the actual difference in the mean scores between the groups was high. The effect size, calculated using eta squared, was .68. Post-hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean score for Group 1 (M =28.10, SD = 2.60) was significantly different from Group 2 (M = 21.50, SD = 3.47), Group 3 (M = 12.00, SD = 1.15), Group 4 (M = 16.40, SD = 6.10), Group 5 (M = 12.10, SD = 1.91). The table explains that Capital Talk mostly presented the tropes of Political Skepticism as compared to Off the Record, The Reporters, On the Front, Nadeem Malik Live. The Talk Shows; Off the Record, The Reporters, On the Front, Nadeem Malik Live presented the tropes of Political Engagement. Group 2 (M = 21.50, SD = 3.47) was significantly different from Group 3 (M = 12.00, SD = 1.15) and Group 5 (M = 12.10, SD = 1.91). The table explains that Off the Record less presented the tropes of Political Engagement as compared to The Reporters and Nadeem Malik Live. Group 6 (M = 27.00, SD = 4.69) was significantly different from Group 3 (M = 12.00, SD = 1.15), Group 4 (M = 16.40, SD = 6.10) and Group 5 (M = 12.10, SD = 1.91). >The table explains that Hasb-e-Haal mostly presented the tropes of Political Skepticism as compared to The Reporters, On the Front, Nadeem Malik Live, which were aligned to Political Engagement. Group 7 (M = 22.20, SD = 6.05) was significantly different from Group 3 (M = 12.00, SD = 1.15) and Group 5 (M = 12.10, SD = 1.91). The table explains that Mazak Raat slightly presented the tropes of Political Skepticism as compared to The Reporters and Nadeem Malik Live, which were associated to Political Engagement. Group 8 (M = 24.60, SD = 4.25) was significantly different from Group 3 (M = 12.00, SD = 1.15), Group 4 (M = 16.40, SD = 6.10) and Group 5 (M = 12.10, SD = 1.91). >The table explains that Khabarnaak moderately presented the tropes of Political Skepticism as compared to The Reporters, On the Front, and Nadeem Malik Live were which associated with Political Engagement. Group 9 (M = 25.80, SD = 7.04) was significantly different from Group 3 (M = 12.00, SD = 1.15), Group 4 (M = 16.40, SD = 6.10) and Group 5 (M = 12.10, SD = 1.91). The table explains that Khabardar moderately presented the tropes of Political Skepticism as compared to The Reporters, On the Front, and Nadeem Malik Live were which associated with Political Engagement. Group 10 (M = 30.60, SD = 2.80) was significantly different from Group 2 (M = 21.50, SD = 3.47), Group 3 (M = 12.00, SD = 1.15), Group 4 (M = 16.40, SD = 6.10), Group 5 (M = 12.10, SD = 1.91) and Group 7 (M = 22.20, SD = 6.05). The table explains that Siasi Theatre mostly presented the tropes of Political Skepticism as compared to The Reporters, On the Front, and Nadeem Malik Live were which are associated to Political Engagement. The program Siasi Theatre was also significantly different from Mazak Raat, which slightly presented the tropes of Political Skepticism.
>Table 3. Impact of Impact of Genre on the Stance of Talks Shows on Pakistani TV Channels border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
width="12%">
Genre
width="17%">N
width="17%">Mean
width="18%">Std. Deviation
width="20%">Std. Error Mean
Tropes
width="12%">Serious
width="17%">50
width="17%">18.0200
width="18%">7.03487
width="20%">.99488
Comedy
width="17%">50
width="17%">26.0400
width="18%">5.68909
width="20%">.80456
width="34%" colspan="2">
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
width="36%" colspan="3">t-test for Equality of Means
width="19%">
F
width="15%">Sig.
width="12%">t
width="8%">df
width="15%">Sig. align="center">(2-tailed)
Tropes
width="20%">Equal variances assumed
width="19%">6.407
width="15%">.013
width="12%">-6.268
width="8%">98
width="15%">.000
Equal variances not assumed
width="19%">width="15%">
width="12%">
-6.268
width="8%">93.891
width="15%">.000
width="66%" colspan="4">
t-test for Equality of Means
MD
width="17%" rowspan="2">Std. Error Difference
width="34%" colspan="2">95% CI of the Difference
Lower
width="17%">Upper
Tropes
width="24%">Equal variances assumed
width="14%">-8.02000
width="17%">1.27949
width="17%">-10.55911
width="17%">-5.48089
Equal variances not assumed
width="14%">-8.02000
width="17%">1.27949
width="17%">-10.56050
width="17%">-5.47950
Table 3 reports that an independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the scores of tropes in students on nature of talk shows. There was significance difference of scores of tropes of talk shows for Serious Talk Shows (M = 18.02, SD = 7.03) and Comedy Talk Shows, M = 26.04, SD = 5.69; t (93.891) = -6.268, p = .000 (two-tailed). The magnitude of the difference in the means (mean difference = -8.02000, 95 % CI: -10.56050 to -5.47950) was medium (eta squared = .07). The table explains that Comedy Talk Shows presented mostly tropes of Political Skepticism as compared to Serious Talk Show which were mostly aligned to Political Engagement.
Table 4. Impact of Duration of Program on the Stance of Talks Shows on Pakistani TV Channels border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
width="9%" rowspan="2">
N
width="9%" rowspan="2">Mean
width="11%" rowspan="2">Std. Deviation
width="9%" rowspan="2">Std. Error
width="20%" colspan="2">95% CI for Mean
width="11%" rowspan="2">Minimum
width="12%" rowspan="2">Maximum
LB
width="10%">UB
21-30 minutes
width="9%">16
width="9%">26.2500
width="11%">7.04746
width="9%">1.76186
width="9%">22.4947
width="10%">30.0053
width="11%">13.00
width="12%">33.00
31-40minutes
width="9%">71
width="9%">22.0000
width="11%">7.18729
width="9%">.85297
width="9%">20.2988
width="10%">23.7012
width="11%">11.00
width="12%">33.00
more than 40 minutes
width="9%">13
width="9%">17.0000
width="11%">7.32575
width="9%">2.03180
width="9%">12.5731
width="10%">21.4269
width="11%">11.00
width="12%">29.00
Total
width="9%">100
width="9%">22.0300
width="11%">7.53370
width="9%">.75337
width="9%">20.5352
width="10%">23.5248
width="11%">11.00
width="12%">33.00
Tropes
width="18%">SoS
width="15%">df
width="15%">MS
width="15%">F
width="15%">Sig.
Between Groups
width="18%">613.910
width="15%">2
width="15%">306.955
width="15%">5.949
width="15%">.004
Within Groups
width="18%">5005.000
width="15%">97
width="15%">51.598
width="15%">width="15%">
Total
width="18%">5618.910
width="15%">99
width="15%">width="15%">
width="15%">
Dependent Variable: Tropes
Tukey HSD
(I) Duration_of_Progrm
width="26%" rowspan="2">(J) Duration_of_Progrm
width="9%" rowspan="2">MD (I-J)
width="9%" rowspan="2">Std. Error
width="7%" rowspan="2">Sig.
width="19%" colspan="2">95% CI
LB
width="9%">UB
21-30 minutes
width="26%">31-40minutes
width="9%">4.25000
width="9%">1.98786
width="7%">.088
width="9%">-.4816
width="9%">8.9816
more than 40 minutes
width="9%">9.25000*
width="9%">2.68215
width="7%">.002
width="9%">2.8659
width="9%">15.6341
31-40minutes
width="26%">21-30 minutes
width="9%">-4.25000
width="9%">1.98786
width="7%">.088
width="9%">-8.9816
width="9%">.4816
more than 40 minutes
width="9%">5.00000
width="9%">2.16698
width="7%">.059
width="9%">-.1579
width="9%">10.1579
more than 40 minutes
width="26%">21-30 minutes
width="9%">-9.25000*
width="9%">2.68215
width="7%">.002
width="9%">-15.6341
width="9%">-2.8659
31-40minutes
width="9%">-5.00000
width="9%">2.16698
width="7%">.059
width="9%">-10.1579
width="9%">.1579
Table 4 reports the findings of ANOVA to examine the effect of Program’s Timings on Talk Show’s tropes which were categorized into three groups based on timings (Group 1: 21-30 minutes; Group 2: 31-40 minutes; Group 3: more than 40 minutes). The statistical difference at p < .05 was witnessed in tropes of Talk Shows shown by TV Channels in Pakistan due to the program's timings: F (2, 97) = 5.949, p = .004. Despite reaching statistical significance, the actual difference in the mean scores between the groups was medium. The effect size, calculated using eta squared, was .10. Post-hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean score for Group 1 (M =26.25, SD = 7.05) was significantly different from Group 3 (M = 17.00, SD = 7.33). The table explains that talk shows 21-30 minutes duration had more tendencies of Political Skepticism as compared talk shows having the duration of more than 40 minutes. The Talk Shows more than 40 minutes duration had more tendencies of Political Engagement.
The findings of the study strongly approve the research hypothesis, H1: Comedy Talk Shows have many tropes of political Skepticism as compared to Political Engagement on Pakistani TV Channels.
The study pledges that days of the week on which talk shows are broadcast on television networks have had a significant impact on the tropes of Talk Shows. Those Talk Shows seen on Wednesday have the strongest political skepticism leanings compared to Monday's talk shows with the strongest political engagement tendencies. Capital Talk on Geo News mostly addressed the tropes of political skepticism as opposed to Nadeem Malik Live on Samma.
Mazzaq Raat on Express news often portrayed the stereotypes of political skepticism in comedy Talk Shows as opposed to other comedy talk shows.
The present study acknowledges past studies of Bennet (2003) and Hart (2000) that the Comedy Talk Shows presented mostly tropes of Political Skepticism as compared to Serious Talk Show which is mostly aligned to Political Engagement. The finding supports the past studies who claim that Serious Talk Shows enhance Political Engagement (Jones, 2005; McClintock, 2004; Paletz, 2002; Van Zoonen; 2005).
Conclusion
The study concludes that the presentation of issues in the talks shows determines viewers' perceptions. The research recognizes that 21-30 minutes long TV talk shows have more political skepticism propensities, while the TVtalk shows of more than 40-minutes duration have more political engagement dispositions. The study also concludes that comedy talk shows presented on Pakistani TV channels are displaying the tropes of political skepticism, while serious talk shows are exhibiting the tropes of political engagement. The research clarifies that there are several tendencies of political skepticism among the audiences of comedy talk shows and that consumers of serious talk shows have greater tendencies of political engagement. So, it can be inferred that serious talk shows enhance Pakistan's political culture as compared to comedy talk shows.
Appendix
Appendix A: Coding Sheet for Content Analysis of TV Talk Shows
Date of coding: ___________________ Name of coder: _______________________
Sampling information [ID#: _____] Aired: Month: __ __ Date: __ __ Year: _ _ _ _
1-Day of week:
(1.) Sunday _____ [1] (2.) Monday _____ [2] (3.) Tuesday _____ [3] (4.) Wednesday _____ [4]
(5.) Thursday _____ [5] (6.) Friday _____ [6] (7.) Saturday _____ [7]
2- GENRE: (Serious, Comedy)
3. Duration of program? _____ [1] 30 minutes_____ [2] One hour_____ [3] 90 minutes
_____ [4] Two hours _____ [5] Other (How long in minutes? __ __ __)
4. Tropes of Political Engagement vs. Political Skepticism
| Political Engagement width="5%">width="5%"> width="5%"> width="5%"> width="5%"> width="5%"> width="5%"> width="35%"> Political Skepticism | > a) width="22%">Straight Forward width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Complicated | > b) width="22%">Simple to comprehend width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Difficult to comprehend | > c) width="22%">Understanding of the Political Issue width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Misunderstanding of the Political Issue | > d) width="22%">Given solution of the problem width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Given no solution of the problem | > e) width="22%">Public officials care much width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Public officials care less | > f) width="22%">Public officials have pretty touch with the public width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Public officials lose touch with the public | > g) width="22%">Politicians care public opinion width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Politician do not care public opinion | > h) width="22%">Politician are interested in public problems width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Politician are interested in public votes | > i) width="22%">Politicians are servants of public width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Politicians are masters of public | > J) width="22%">Whoever gets elected does whatever people want to do width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">Whoever gets elected does whatever he/she wants to do anyway | > k) width="22%">Public have the political power width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="5%">— width="35%">A few people have all the political power | |
References
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Cite this article
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APA : Haroon, S., & Saleem, N. (2021). TV Talk Shows in Pakistan: Politically Engaged or Politically Skeptic?. Global Digital & Print Media Review, IV(IV), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2021(IV-IV).03
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CHICAGO : Haroon, Sana, and Noshina Saleem. 2021. "TV Talk Shows in Pakistan: Politically Engaged or Politically Skeptic?." Global Digital & Print Media Review, IV (IV): 24-39 doi: 10.31703/gdpmr.2021(IV-IV).03
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HARVARD : HAROON, S. & SALEEM, N. 2021. TV Talk Shows in Pakistan: Politically Engaged or Politically Skeptic?. Global Digital & Print Media Review, IV, 24-39.
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MHRA : Haroon, Sana, and Noshina Saleem. 2021. "TV Talk Shows in Pakistan: Politically Engaged or Politically Skeptic?." Global Digital & Print Media Review, IV: 24-39
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MLA : Haroon, Sana, and Noshina Saleem. "TV Talk Shows in Pakistan: Politically Engaged or Politically Skeptic?." Global Digital & Print Media Review, IV.IV (2021): 24-39 Print.
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OXFORD : Haroon, Sana and Saleem, Noshina (2021), "TV Talk Shows in Pakistan: Politically Engaged or Politically Skeptic?", Global Digital & Print Media Review, IV (IV), 24-39
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TURABIAN : Haroon, Sana, and Noshina Saleem. "TV Talk Shows in Pakistan: Politically Engaged or Politically Skeptic?." Global Digital & Print Media Review IV, no. IV (2021): 24-39. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2021(IV-IV).03